The research measured five hash-based schemes on Jade, Trezor, Ledger and BitBox02
On August 19, 2026, Blockstream published benchmarks on post-quantum signature generation across four hardware wallets: Jade Plus, Trezor Safe 3, Ledger Nano gen5/s+ and BitBox02 Nova. According to the group, all devices produced hash-based signatures in the implementations examined.
The study measures signature generation on the device only. Five schemes were evaluated: SLH-DSA-128s, a reduced variant of SPHINCS+, UXMSS in the SHRINCS-L and SHRINCS-B configurations, and XMSS. The research does not include post-quantum firmware verification and does not examine lattice-based or isogeny-based primitives.
The results report averages over 100 runs. For signature generation, SLH-DSA took between 52.85 and 120.12 seconds; the SPHINCS+ variant took between 43.28 and 94.98 seconds. UXMSS SHRINCS-B, with 324-byte signatures, took between 21.75 and 41.83 seconds. SHRINCS-L without overgrinding recorded times between 3.01 and 8.04 seconds, while the configuration with overgrinding took between 225.63 and 572.78 seconds.
For key generation, SHRINCS-L took between 1.81 and 6.1 seconds and SHRINCS-B between 18.87 and 40.18 seconds. Blockstream notes that the data do not constitute a ranking between wallets: the devices differ in cryptographic components, CPU frequency, toolchain and execution mode. The implementations used the same reference C libraries, with adaptations for each device.
